Types and Stages of Observational Learning and Memory

Types and Stages of ceremonial occasional Learning and MemoryJurgita KairiukstieneThisessay will name aspects of psychology by exploring different types and stages of Observational learning and Memory.A Observational LearningLearning is define as the process of acquiring knowledge done experience which leads to a lasting change in behaviour (Huczynski Buchanan (2013), p.154)There are two different types of learning Observational and Associative learning.The concept of data-based learning was developed by Albert Bandura (1977, 1986 2000) to exclude trial-and-error method in learning. To compere both learnings, Associative learning is more tedious and more crazy than Observational learning. Observes by observing may develop new behaviour and may have impact to previously learned behaviour.Learning by Observation contains four stages and processesAttention. Observers potty only learn if they pay wariness to a mentor or teacher. For physical exercise dancing classes. Attendants must observe and pay attention to teacher to learn how to dance.Retention. Observers must memorise information and store in to fund. In order to take next step must recall what was memorised before. For example learn how to use computer programs.Reproduction. Observes must replicate another behaviour. But there is a limitation factor of physical abilities. Example may be that humans cant fly.Reinforcement. Observers will go through different stages and will be motivated to learn. According to Banduras (e.g. 1977) Social learning theory, experiment on children by letting them watch television and later motivate aggressive behaviour.This study has important implications for the effects of media violence on children. (http//www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html 24/02/2017, 1531)Memory is the force of the mind by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved (Atkinson Shiffrin, 1968). Memory is the process of maintaining information over time. (Matlin, 2005)There is three Me mory stagesEncode Visual (picture), Acoustic (sound), Semantic (meaning) investment trust Short-term memory or Long -term memoryRetrieve context-dependent (similar situation) or state-dependent (similar emotional state)(Diagram 1 initiation https//www.psychestudy.com/cognitive/memory/stages 24/02/2017 2244) distinct Memory types(Diagram 2 source http//www.human-memory.net/types.html 24/02/2017, 1730)Sensory memory. Very short, if its not passed to Short-term memory its lost. For example the memory of sound/picture/ playscript is held for a second only. Interference may prevent of memory recall. Sensory memory can be Iconic or Echoic.Short-term/working memory is a step to a Long -term memory. It holds small amount of information up to seven (+-2) units at once by a limited time, encodes information. By repeating an information we can hold it in the working memory. For example to memorise phone number we repeat it several times. But also it can be easily forgotten. People surrounding s and environment have an influence on working memory.Long-term memory is more complicated. It holds information for a abundant time or for life-span and have unlimited capacity. There is three long-term memory systemsEpisodic (e.g. experience, specific events like 5th birthday party),Semantic (facts, concepts, e.g. discriminating that birds can fly)Procedural (e.g. skills, how to walk).Procedural is subcategory of Implicit memory (unconscious) and it uses past experience (e.g. musicians, in language development).Episodic and Semantic are subset of Declarative memory, which is a subset of univocal memory (conscious) and it holds facts and events that can be stored and consciously recalled(e.g. Learning to swim)In conclusion, Learning without Memory does not exist. ReferencesAtkinson, R. C., Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory A proposed system and its control processes. In The psychology of learning and motivation II Oxford, England Academic Press. doi10.1016/S0079-7421(08)604 22-3David A. Buchanan, Andrzej A. Huczynski. Organizational behaviour. 8th edition. Harlow, England Pearson (2013) p.154.Matlin, M. W. (2005). Cognition. Crawfordsville John Wiley Sons, Inc.http//www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html 24/02/2017, 1531Diagram 1 source https//www.psychestudy.com/cognitive/memory/stages 24/02/2017 2244Diagram 2 source http//www.human-memory.net/types.html 24/02/2017 1730