Review of Literature on Employ Satisfaction

Attention: Nadeem Yousaf Students:Noreen OrcineP12094955 Robert Ngu P11015920 Federico ColomboP12094924 Prakash Regmi P12094665 Sanjay Maharjan P12085525 Dewan Rahman P12094756 Philippe Colas P12094742 Course name: MSc. International Business and Management – 2013 Module name:Operations and Human Resource Management (Evening Class) Module Code:CORP 5041 Assignment: Group Critical Analysis Project Theme: Key factors of employee satisfaction and its impacts to company success.Word Count: 2917 words Articles Reviewed: The Impact of Age and Education on the Level of Satisfaction and Motivation Among Employees Employee satisfaction, intrapreneurship and firm growth: a model Job satisfaction and quality management: an empirical analysis Job Satisfaction in Public Sector and Private Sector and Private Sector: A Comparison The effects of commitment to corporate vision on employee satisfaction with their organization Implementing Quality Management Practices without Sacrificing Employe e SatisfactionThe relationship Between Pay satisfaction & Job Satisfaction Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction3 2. 0 Stimuli of Employee Satisfactions and Impact3 2. 1 Effects of Commitment to Corporate Vision on Employee Satisfaction4 2. 2 Pay Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction5 2. 3 Impacts of Age and Level of Education in Employee Satisfaction5 2. 4 Intrapreneurship and Firm Growth as a Factor of Job Satisfaction6 2. 5 Relationship between Quality Management and Job Satisfaction7 2. 6 Comparison of employee satisfaction between Public and Private Sectors8 . 0 Comparison, contradiction and Evaluation9 4. 0 Conclusion13 5. 0 References15 APPENDIX 119 1. 0 Introduction It is widely accepted that the employees’ job satisfaction is one of the most important elements of achieving success for an organization. In today’s organization, where company leadership is transforming from traditional styles to more collaborative style (Christensen, 2009), employee satisfaction is bei ng given due consideration based on the concept of happy people brings happy customers and growth (Blanchard, 2004).Though De Menezes (2012) found that the job satisfaction among employees have a clear and consistent connection to company's productivity, but Schein (1995) believes management has over time pondered on best practices that increases productivity and with numerous theories, espoused on the significance of people in organization, very few managers recognize employees as capital investment not as a cost to be controlled and minimized. In this paper many influencing factors of employee satisfaction will be analyzed combined with their affects to organizational success. . 0 Stimuli of Employee Satisfactions and Impact There are many factors that somehow intrinsically and extrinsically keep engagement in the process of employees’ job satisfaction. Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene theory identifies satisfiers or motivator factors as achievement, recognition, work it self, responsibility, advancement and growth, on the other hand, dissatisfiers or hygiene factors as company policy, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relationship at work, salary and benefits, and job security (Gitman et al 2008).Moreover, according to Lavigna (2010) ; De Menezes (2012) factors such as commitment to corporate vision, leadership, work life balance, training and education, participatory management and employee empowerment strongly contribute to employee satisfaction. This literature will be investigating and analyzing the factors such as age, level of education, intrapreneurship, pay satisfaction, quality management, commitment to corporate vision and aspect of public and private sectors. 2. Effects of Commitment to Corporate Vision on Employee Satisfaction The mission and vision statement of a company gives a sense of purpose, values, and behavioral standards; and increases employees’ focus on organizational strategy and direction (Slack et. al, 2010). While ascertaining employee satisfaction, companies need to show commitment by being effective, and show continuance commitment by encouraging workers to be attached emotionally to company’s values (Allen et al. , 1997).And to measure satisfaction in an organization, management commitment to achieving results motivates employees to perform better, according to Slack et al. (2010), henceforth commitment of organizations and employee satisfaction have a positive relationship with promise. There are two strong connections with employee satisfaction relating to employee rating of the company based on how committed it is to its philosophy of caring, sharing, trust and respect; and the ability of the company to compete with others. This was supported by Meglino et al. (1998) by stating that the relationship between effective communication, worker satisfaction and the level in which values and views of employees corresponds with each other creates an atmosphere of understandi ng a corporation that leads to improved performance and productivity among satisfied employees. 2. 2 Pay Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction Different people have different views on the source of their motivation to work. Here we find different contradictory results while one study suggests level of income increases the level of satisfaction and the other study finds no satisfactory correlations or different view of income’s importance.Some find job as a source of identity, but sometimes money actually is the commonly cited reason (Hulin, 2002 cited in Judge, et al. , 2010). Money cannot ensure the subjective well-being or happiness as finding shows that a lottery winner is no happier than before they won the lottery (Brickman, et al. , 1978 cited in Judge, et al. , (2010). Contradictorily, another report suggests that the richest Americans are happier than average ones (Cummins, 2000; Diener et al. , 1985 as cited in Judge et al. , 2010) and average Americans are happier than poor Americans.Overall it is assumed that, pay level is positively but not significantly correlated with both pay satisfaction and job satisfactions. 2. 3 Impacts of Age and Level of Education in Employee Satisfaction Satisfaction expresses the level of agreements between the expectations of a worker from his job and the reward that the job provides (Paul, 2012). Now, how does a factor like age affect the level of employee satisfaction? Kristin et al. (2004) cited in Paul (2012) found that the overall job satisfaction decreases after the age of 45;  perceptions of management fairness and problem resolution also decrease with age.It is generally believed that job satisfaction increases linearly with age (Clark et al, 1996). Paul (2012) discovered that age influences the level of motivation among employees, for instance, younger employees felt more motivated to extra work, while older employees were less eager to do so. Level of education is also one of the factors that can power th e way employee satisfaction is perceived. Paul (2012) stated that the level of motivation also varies with the educational qualification of the employees; for example, employees who have only matriculated were the most motivated about ork and taking extra work, on the other hand the most qualified employees of the organization were the most unwilling to take extra work, in comparison to the less educated ones. This finding is enriched by Metle (2001) and said that the job satisfaction declines with increasing levels of education. 2. 4 Intrapreneurship and Firm Growth as a Factor of Job Satisfaction Entrepreneurs within the organization are, in fact, the valuable assets in terms of company’s growth; and there is a direct relationship between intrapreneurship and job satisfaction in the context of productivity and growth, according to Antoncic et al. 2012), when key factors such as the level of employees general satisfaction with work, employee relationships, employee remunerat ions, benefits and organizational culture and employee loyalty are put to play together. An organization whose values and interest corresponds to that of employees needs, generally has a high employee satisfaction rate as reflected in the attraction selection attrition model (ASA); which states that, â€Å"people in an organization are unique in that they are the ones attracted to, chosen by, and who choose to remain with an organization† (Lievens et al. 1995).Employees of such caliber are a true competitive advantage of the company (Antoncic et al. , 2011). Intrapreneurs are considered to be entrepreneurs in an organization. It is the outcome of firms pursuing new opportunities through a gradual departure from the customary by encouraging employees to be innovative. To show how employee satisfaction result in growth, Shaw et al. (1998) as cited in Antoncic et al. (2011) examined practices where management instills the possibility of education and training, adequate pay, bene fits, encourage high level of motivation, and the willingness of employees to invest in their own knowledge and skills.This results to employee satisfactions that in turn increases performance, and contributes to company growth; therefore, job satisfaction and performance are strongly related as they both result to growth of the company (Antoncic et al. , 2011). 2. 5 Relationship between Quality Management and Job Satisfaction Employee satisfaction and quality management are thought to be correlated to some extent. Previous research studies on employee job satisfaction have ndeavored to find link between quality management and job satisfaction; for instance, Akdere (2009) cited in De Menezes (2012) found that customer satisfaction, which is the ultimate goal of quality management, is strongly associated with employee job satisfaction. Though number of research have been carried out in past to find this relationship yet there are mixed results. According to Guimareas (1996) cited in Mehra et al (2011), implementing a Total Quality Management program resulted in high job satisfaction, more job involvement, large organizational commitment and increased desire to stay in the firm.On the other hand, there are some other important aspects of quality management like cost reduction and increased productivity that can stress up employee and consequently might bring dissatisfaction to work. This argument was supported by Green (2006), Landsbergis et al. (1999) and Parker (2003) as cited in De Menezes (2012); and they said, â€Å"Performance gains may be achieved at the expense of employee well-being†. Moreover, Kivimaki et al (1997) cited in Mehra et al (2011) has also said that adopting Total Quality Management in an organization leads to decreased job satisfaction.Therefore, the total quality management of an organization can actually sometimes become the reason for not supporting employees to enjoy their work, however, Total Quality Management can be achieved in an organization without achieving complete employee satisfaction, for example, De Menezes (2012) found that there is no positive association between quality management and employee job satisfaction in many British workplaces in 2004.Total Quality Management is a management philosophy not a short term program or intervention skim that can be applied to organization across industries, cultures and nations but there should also be adjustment in Total Quality Management according to the structure of firms, strategy and environmental conditions to ensure that the employees are satisfied (Rungtusanatham et al, 2005 as cited in Mehra et al 2011). 2. 6 Comparison of employee satisfaction between Public and Private SectorsPublic and private sectors provide scopes in different ways, making it difficult to be pro or against the two very different administration forms. The Public sector is said to be more divided than organized due to the various sub divisions included in the operation of th e public sector and this division creates a problem in the long run; in contrast the Private Sector is also divided, yet it is divided into departments, which work closely with each other and have a coherent working structure (Kumari et al. 2011). Overall it can be said that while the the public sector has maintained the existing as well as the creation of new jobs throughout a recession, as the private sector significantly has significantly been cutting jobs since the dawn of the 2008 recession (Zuckerman, 2011). So, it can be understood that the Public sector jobs are generally more stable compared to the private sector, and this factor contributes to both positive and negative perceived job satisfaction in these two sectors.There are also different motivational reasons behind the employees’ choice of sector in which he or she wishes to work, and there are different expectations to be met by each sector in order to insure the employees’ ultimate job satisfaction. For example, Kumari et al. (2011) found that socio-economic and cultural structures of a country essentially lead citizen’s perception of job satisfaction in both public and private sectors. 3. 0 Comparison, contradiction and EvaluationMany studies previously done by several researchers found that the satisfaction among employees has clear and consistent connection to the company’s productivity and eventually the success of an organization largely depends on employee satisfaction (Hsu and Wang, 2008; Culbertson, 2009; and Korunka et al, 2003 as cited in De Menezes, 2012). In addition to that, Gregory (2011) has also identified that employee satisfaction is essential to the success of any business.For example, American budget airlines South-west Airlines, one of the most consistently successful airlines in the history of aviation, implies that employee satisfaction is one of the key components of its past, present, and future success (Cardy et al 2011). Although, many acad emics have found a correlation between employee satisfaction and organizational performance, there has been an opposition to this view and that has called for an extensive study, as employee satisfaction has little or no influence in the performance of an organization in certain industries.For example Ryanair, an European budget airlines, made financial gains without giving much attention to its employee; ‘‘the high employee turnover at Ryanair points to the dissatisfaction that the employees are experiencing and the common complaints of employees leaving Ryanair is the oppressive work environment and practices, low pay and the lack of training and development programs for employees’’ (Thinking Bookworm, 2012). This argument was appreciated by Mathieu et al (1990) as cited in Yee et al. (2008), where it was said that the employee satisfaction has little direct influence on business performance in most instances.From the perspective of strategic operations m anagement, Fisher at al. (1992) cited in Yee at al (2008) stated that employee satisfaction is not achieved without a cost, in a view of that fact, reducing expenses on employees is a viable choice for achieving operation efficiency. As reflected by De Menezes (2012), in which he ascertains that some aspect of total quality management such as cost reduction and increased productivity can stress up employee and consequently might bring dissatisfaction to work. This would mean that employee satisfaction and operation efficiency are inversely correlated.However, Mehra and Ranganathan (2011) suggest that implementing total quality management can have positive affect in job satisfaction if components like employee empowerment, teamwork, top management commitment can be developed within the organization. In the public sector, however, training and personal development was found to be the most important factor on employee satisfaction as training of workforce provides various benefits to o rganizations such as fewer production errors, increased productivity, decreased turnover and improved safety (Turkyilmaz, 2011).So it is true that, investment on employees’ training can also be fruitful to operation efficiency. When it is about the pay satisfaction it is said that high pay does not always lead to job satisfaction. Mondrow (2011), states that, pay may help to determine if an applicant accepts a job offer, but salary has little effect on one's job satisfaction. An individual can be satisfied with the amount of pay he/she is receiving but intrinsic rewards and culture-fit have been found to be better predictors of job satisfaction.Pay will not motivate employees and human resource professionals need to ensure that managers comprehend this. High level of pay does not ensure the happiness or satisfaction among employees as job satisfaction focus rather on culture and reward systems (Mondrow, 2011). To compare with Facebook, Google has paid lower wages to its emplo yees but providing vast benefits had caused employees to accept reduction on their wages because it provides them job satisfaction fostering by company culture whereas Facebook is found with less employees’ satisfaction though the level of pay is slightly higher (Huffingpost 2012).However, Pelit et al. , (2011) has said that though the unfair pay can be a negative aspect of employee satisfaction but correlation and regression analyses indicate that psychological and behavioral empowerment has a significant effect on job satisfaction, and the effect is much greater when psychological and behavioral empowerment are taken as a whole. To prove the importance of empowerment in the company’s success Eesley et al. 2006) has said that intrapreneurship is the practice of creating new business products and opportunities in an organization through proactive empowerment; and intrapreneurship is propelled by an individual's or a team's willingness to take calculated risks and act t o create business opportunities that serve an organization's needs for growth and improvement.The development of entrepreneurial activities and orientations in the organization are principally persuaded with the elements of employee satisfaction like general satisfaction with work; employee relationships; remuneration, benefits and organizational culture; and employee loyalty (Antoncic et al. , 2011). According to De Meneze (2012) it is anticipated that organizations where the work force is more satisfied will show higher levels of commitment to corporate vision, less absenteeism and a productive work force.On the other hand, in an interview (Appendix 1) Andersen said, â€Å"I don’t necessarily need a satisfied work force, because satisfied work force is just sitting and waiting around, and eventually they’ll be leaving. Here I want somebody who is hungry, eager, jumps out of the bed in the morning and rush to work to do a good job. † So in practical situations, organizations are not really pleased in having just satisfied employees, they’re akin to employees showing eagerness and desire to come to work for success.Earlier studies by Brown et al (1993) cited in Yee et al (2008) have also found that there is no clear relationship between employees’ satisfaction and performance. However, it is reasonable to think that in certain industries, where there is direct contact with customers, the relation of employee satisfaction to company’s success can be higher (Yee at al. 2008). For instance, studies by Wan (2006) in the U. S. forest products industry have shown that there were differences in job satisfaction of the employees across the different levels of income, occupation and age.Moreover, education and gender had no significant effects on job satisfaction. No evidence was found that higher levels of education were related to higher job satisfaction. 4. 0 Conclusion The correlation between employee satisfaction and diffe rent factors like age group and education level, entrepreneurship, quality management, public and private sector, corporate vision and pay satisfaction has been analyzed to evaluate the effect of job satisfaction in company’s success.Based on the research findings it is clear that there is positive affects in job satisfaction but it can be highly influenced by certain aspects like top management commitment, leadership style, motivation factors, organizational culture and external environment. Likewise, this literature found that employee satisfaction has shown to be a key success factor to most organizations. It is well documented that the more satisfied employees are, the more motivated they feel to perform at work, and ultimately reach company’s goals leading to corporate success.Motivational factors such as recognition of work, opportunity for advancement, professional growth and responsibility will remain the guiding principles of any firm that aims to achieve a pe rsonal growth and stability. However, it is still doubtful how relevant employee satisfaction is to bring success in certain circumstances or industries. Also, private and public sectors showed considerable differences in the level of overall job satisfaction that they derived from the facets of their jobs like motivational factors; working conditions; promotional opportunities; relationship with co-workers and job security.Some researchers have found that the correlation between employee satisfaction and an organizational performance do not always go hand in hand. As economies around the world encounter uncertainty in global markets and companies try to find different ways to reduce cost, which in many cases have resulted in the reduction of the work force. This has resulted dissatisfaction among the employees in various level. Nevertheless, this generation of unsatisfied employees has not yet shown clear repercussions in organization success.Although this topic can be controversia l, which generalize the scope of further research to understand how satisfied employees could lead to business success, and comprehend how different factors have higher influence on employee satisfaction. 5. 0 References Allen, N. J. , ; Meyer, J. P. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Antoncic J. A, Antoncic, B. (2011) Employee Satisfaction, Intrapreneurship and Firm Growth; A Model. Industrial Management and Data System, Vol. 111 (4), p. 589-607 Blanchard, O. 2004) Happy Employees=Happy Customers, The Brand Builder Blog [Blog] 13 October 2005. Available at http://thebrandbuilder. blogspot. dk/2005/10/happy-employees-happy-customers. html [Accessed on 17th March 2013] Cardy, R. L. and Leonard, B. (2011) Performance Management: Concepts, Skills, and Exercises. Second Edition. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. Christensen, T. W. , 2009. Crisis leadership: A study of Leadership Practice, Capella University. Clark, A, Oswald, A, an d Warr, P. (1996) is job satisfaction U-shaped in age? [Online] Available at http://iweb. swufe. edu. cn/jiarui/Management_Resources/ [Accessed on 13th March 2013]De Menezes, L. M. (2012) Job satisfaction and quality management: an empirical analysis. International Journal of Operations ; Production Management, 32(3), pp. 308-328. Eesley, D. T. and Longenecker, C. O. (2006). Gateways to Intrapreneurship. Industrial Management,  48(1), pp. 18-23,5. Gitman, L. J. ; McDaniel, C. D. (2008) The Future of Business: the essentials. 4th Edition. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Gregory, K. (2011), The Importance of Employee Satisfaction. Available at http://www. neumann. edu/academics/divisions/business/journal/review2011/gregory. df [Accessed on 15th March 2013] Huffingpost, (2012) Google trumps Facebook in employees’ satisfaction, Glassdor survey finds (INFOGRAPHIC). [Online] Available at: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/ [Accessed on 19th March 2013] Judge, T. A. , Piccolo , R. F. , Podsakoff, J. C. , ; Rich, B. L. (2010). The Relationships between Pay Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 157-167. Kumari, G. and Pandey, K. M. (2011) ‘Job Satisfaction in Public Sector and Private Sector: A Comparison’, International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. , No. 3, pp. 222-228. Lavigna, B. (2010) Driving Performance by Building Employee Satisfaction and Engagement. Government Finance Review, 26(1), pp. 51-53. Lieven, F. , Decaesteker, C. , Coetsier, P. and Geirnaert, J. , (2001). Organizational attractiveness for prospective applicants: a person – organisation fit perspective. Applied Psychology: An International Review,  50(1), pp. 30-51. Mehra, S. and Ranganathan, S. (2011) Implementing quality management practices without sacrificing employee satisfaction. Production and Inventory Management Journal, Vol. 47, No. , 2011, pp69-79. Metle, M. K. (2001). Education, job satisfaction an d gender in Kuwait. International journal of human resource management,12(2), pp. 311-332. Mondrow, I. (2011) The relationship between pay and job Satisfaction: A meta-analysis of the literature. Imondrow. blogspot. dk, Perspective of Industrial/organizational psychology, [Blog] 23 Jan, Available at: http://imondrow. blogspot. dk/ [Accessed on 19th March 2013] Paul, T. (2012), The Impact of Age and Education on the Level of Satisfaction and Motivation Among Employees, IUP Journal of Management Research, Vol.XI No. 1 Peccei, R. and Lee, H. , 2005. The Impact of Gender Similarity on Employee Satisfaction at Work: A Review and Re-Evaluation. Journal of Management Studies,  42(8), pp. 1571-1592 Pelit, E. , Yuksel, O. and Yalcin A. , 2011. The effects of  employee empowerment  on employee job satisfaction. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,  23(6), pp. 784-802. Ravlin, E. and Meligno, B. (1998) Individual Values in Organization: Concepts, Controversies and Research. Journal of Management, 24 (3), p. 351-389. Schein, E. H. 1995) Human Resouse Practices in Organisational Transformation: Are They Culture Specific? In: Mit sloan school of management, NDU-MIT annual conference. Singapore 1995. Slack, F. , Orife, J. N. , Anderson, F. (2010) Effects of Commitment to Corporate Vision on Employee Satisfaction with their Organization: An Empirical Study in the United States. International Journal of Management, 27 (3) Thinking Bookworm (2012) Management of Human and Organizational Resources. [Online] Available at http://thinkingbookworm. typepad. com/ [Accessed on 18th March 2013] Turkyilmaz, A. , Akman, G. , Ozkan, C. nd Pastuszak, Z. , 2011. Empirical study of public sector employee loyalty and satisfaction. Industrial Management + Data Systems, 111(5), pp. 675-696. Wan, Z. , L. E. Leightley. 2006. Job satisfaction and workforce demographics: A longitudinal study of the U. S. forest products industry. Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Research Bulletin FP 362, Mississippi State University. 7 pp. Yee, R. W. Y. , Yeung, A. C. L. , Cheng, T. C. E. (2008), The Impact of Employee Satisfaction on Quality and Profitability in High-contact Service Industries. Journal of Operationsl Management, 26, p 651-658Zuckerman, M. B. , 2011. The Great Jobs Recession Goes On. U. S. News ; World Report,  pp. 1 APPENDIX 1 Transcription of Interview Jakob Lyngso Andersen, 2013, FLSmidth Human Resource Group Manager Interview on Employee Satisfaction, Interviewed by Noreen S. Orcine (Personal), Valby, 14th March â€Å"We have of what we call a pretty engaged work force. Loyal and committed, and that’s what counts. I don’t necessarily need a satisfied work force, because satisfied work force is you know, is just sitting and waiting around or they’ll be gone. They need complaints. Here I want something or somebody

Experimental learning Essay

Making a change in ones career is not an easy task because the individual has to consider very many things. Decisions are an every day affair and they are inevitable. Hence, in an effort to make broad our experiences, change helps us to make better decisions in life. One should have had a variety of experiences that are different because they help an individual to look at life or at things from different perspectives (Wessels, 2006). However, individuals should be careful not to set expectations that are unrealistic. Making a decision usually involves three major steps; the first one is to recognize that there is a need to change which stems from a dissatisfaction from oneself. The second step is to make a decision to make the change. The last step is the implementation of the decision with a dedication that is conscious. Taking a course in nursing I could do pharmacy to become a pharmacist where I can seek tenders to supply medical drugs to the healthcentres so that I can still be related with my course. My career path right now is focused on working as a nurse but I want to venture into something else such as business, where I could be in a business but still offer medical services. I plan to take a course in business administration or accounts and I would do accounting courses. I want to be a financial analyst because I love investments and love to solve out financial issues. Some of the theories that can help in setting up of ones career path into identifying reasons for career change are discussed here. The Kurt Lewin change theory about change is described in three stages the first stage is that of becoming motivated to experience the change and this is referred to as unfreezing. This theory explains that human behaviour towards change is explained by observations and cultural influences in the past that help an individual to learn. However, this process to unfreeze has three sub processes; the first sub process is the disconfirmation where the conditions prevailing at the present are a cause to dissatisfaction, which result from not being in a position to meet personal goals. The second one is the belief from the anxiety to survive. The third sub- process is the learning of anxiety, which results to the individual being defensive and to be resistant. The second stage is getting to know what is to be changed or to be unfrozen so that it can be transformed into something new. This stage is effective by looking at role models and through the learning of trial and error. The third stage is that of making the change that is made permanent, and it is referred to as refreezing. The new behavior involves making it a habit. It becomes better when interpersonal relationships are formed. The other theory is the self-efficacy theory, which talks about the person having the ability to believe that they can change issues that are happening in their life. It says that the strategies that increase the efficacy of an individual acts as a very powerful tool in administering change. It however talks of four skills, which are modeling, mastering skills, persuasion with support of the society and the skill to clarify the meaning of the change. After looking at the two theories, I would settle for becoming a financial analyst. The model that would best work fro me would be the Kurt Lewin change theory. I would evaluate my choice of career using this theory because this theory would permanently effect the change. The disadvantages to this theory are that; before one decides to unfreeze, there are prevalent challenges of taking longer in school while studying another course. The other disadvantage would be having to look for a job because the business market is flooded and hence to establish a base for the clients will take some time. In becoming a pharmacist, I will not have deviated totally from the profession of having to deal with medicine. In a way I will find myself doing services related to nursing also, to acquire the experience and the capital to run a pharmacy, it would take a long if I find myself in a fix that doest guarantee me to a loan. The best thing about pharmacy is that I would make some good money compared to nursing. The advantage to the business course is that it earns a lot of money once someone gets to establish a base for clients. To evaluate my choice I would begin by setting an expectation while at the beginning, which can be overcome easily. To remind myself of the progress that I am supposed to have made upto the point I would have reached. I would then continue reviewing and revising my plan based on the experiences that I would have encountered on the journey to the change. I would also write a plan, which I would carry it with me so that I can remember always of the goals that I will have set (Wessels, 2006). REFERENCE Wessels, M. (2006). Experiential Learning. Wetton. Juta and Company Ltd.

Evolution in biology

The evolution of life on Earth has resulted in many hundreds of thousands of species. Genetic evidence reveals that humans share a common ancestor with life forms as different from us as bacteria and corn plants. In early 1800s, the source of Earth's remarkable diversity of life forms was hotly disputed. Many people believed that all species had come into existence at the same time in the distant past.In 1831 Charles Darwin sailed to South America, and during the long Atlantic crossing Darwin studied geology and collected marine life. During tops along the coast and at various islands, he observed other species of organisms in environments ranging from sandy shores to high mountains. Darwin's melding of his observations of the natural world with the ideas of others led him to propose that evolution could occur by way of a process called natural selection. The history of life on Earth spans nearly 4 billion years.It is a story of how species originated, survived or went extinct, and s tayed put or spread into new environments. Microevolution is the name for cumulative genetic changes that may give rise to new species, Macroevolution is the name for the large-scale patterns, rends, and rates of change among groups of species. An individual fish, flower, or person does not evolve. Evolution occurs only when there is change in the genetic makeup of whole populations of organisms. In biology, a population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area.In theory, the members of a population have inherited the same number and kinds of genes. These genes make up the population's gene pool. Mutation is harmful when it alters a trait such that an affected individual cannot survive or reproduce as well as other individuals. For example, for us humans, small cuts are common. By contrast, a beneficial trait improves some aspect of an individual's functioning in the environment and so improves chances of surviving and reproducing. A neutral trait, such a s attached earlobes in humans, doesn't help nor hurt survival.Darwin formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection by correlating his understanding of inheritance with certain features of populations. In 1859 he published his ideas in a classic book, On the Origin of Species. We can express the main pints of Darwin's insight as follows: 1. The individuals ofa population vary in their body form, functioning, and behavior. 2. Many variations can be passed from generation to generation. 3. In every set of circumstances, some versions ofa trait are more advantageous than others. 4.Natural selection is the difference in survival and reproduction that we observe in individuals who have different version of a trait. 5. A population is evolving when some forms of a trait are becoming more or less common relative to the other forms. 6. Over time, shifts in the makeup of gene pools have been responsible for the amazing diversity of life forms on Earth. Natural selection is not the o nly process that can adjust the relative numbers of different alleles in a gene pool. This kind of gene pool tweaking is called genetic drift.The makeup of a gene pool also can change as individuals migrate into or out of a populations genetically similar. For humans and other sexually reproducing organism, a species is a genetic unit consisting of one or more populations of organism that usually closely resembles each other physically and physiologically. This buildup of genetic differences between isolated populations is called divergence. When the genetic differences are so great that members of the two populations can't interbreed, speciation has occurred: the populations have become separate species.

Long term care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Long term care - Case Study Example Since the couple had superstitious about home healthcare, their daughter, and the community around them could have informed them of the benefits of such care, particularly for aging couples that require long-term care (Pratt, 2010).   Considering the financing and accessibility of home care services, it is worth noting that are, to some extent, unavailable to most consumers. Perhaps Joan and Jerry were lucky in the sense that the federal and state governments play a role in public financing of patients that need long-term care. In this regard, two programs, namely Medicare and Medicaid, are available to consumers who may need long-term care. However, the criterion for receiving such long-term care is based on two scenarios, which locks out many prospective consumers of home healthcare. For example, only poor elderly patients who are either eligible or covered by Medicaid can access such services. Additionally, only patients recovering from acute conditions who had previously enrolled for Medicaid can get the home healthcare services on long-term basis (Pratt, 2010).   Drawing from Pierre’s case, Hospice’s management ought to develop a program for volunteering in order to supervise to supervise and monitor volunteer works properly to guarantee suitable and safe care of consumers. The management can attach one nursing aide to every situation to ensure that the situations are taken care of effectively and efficiently (Pratt,

Fundraising Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Fundraising Plan - Assignment Example This year, â€Å"West Liberty website† (2014) emphasizes that the University requires a total of $ 4 million that will benefit the entire student community as well as, the community around the institution. The effect of the fundraising will reflect not only this year, but, also in many years to come. The fundraising will improve the institutions, athletic programs so that the institution can retain its ‘nation’s finest’ athletics title. â€Å"The State Journal† (2014) was keen to note, that during the last summer, the institution started a new master’s degree in Physician Assistant Studies that will require qualified lecturers to be recruited as well as other supporting staff. This fundraising will enable the new degree program become a success and see that the graduates will become productive in their areas of expertise. Garecht (n.d) states that a fundraising plan requires a reliable team and the use various fundraising techniques that will help in making the most from a campaign. The first fundraising tactic that will be used events which will be both major and minor. The minor event will be a â€Å"gala dinner-dance† that will be held on the 20th of October, 2014. The aim of planning this gala event is to raise approximately $1 million dollars out of the $ 4 million target of this year. In kind donations are welcome from our donors and parents through direct mail or online giving through our website page. The fundraising will also target our past and potential donors from banks and other financial institution for a target of $ 1.5 of the total $4 million this year. The institution will also hold a â€Å"walk for Western Liberty University† campaign that will be held on the 30 of November, 2014 with a target of $ 1 million. The annual final event that will close this year’s fu nd raising will be a golf tournament and, thanksgiving at the school’s stadium that will host all NCAA Division-II institutions on the 20th of December, 2014. The target for

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection Essay

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection - Essay Example The paper throws light on intellectual property as any change of mind or innovation. This property, maybe a symbol or a logo, any unique name designated for a company, creative and artistic invention. Intellectual property is secluded or patent innovation. Certain brands use a specific trade mark and music companies copyright their sounds and videos patterns, professionals carry out methods formulas and technologies which are confined in official documents or economic values that are used commercially. Intellectual property is the intangible or insubstantial vague property on the other hand special private and personal property of any individual or a company is tangible is easily and clearly defined. IP is any form of expression, this includes images, symbols, logos, title, label, techniques, methods used in business industry or commerce; software, music rhythms literary. This personal effort is the innovation and creation of mind and displayed and manifested, it has physical existen ce and exclusive property rights. Exclusive property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents industrial design rights and trade secrets, these rights are intellectual property and protect company’s different types of unrelated legal concepts. The British statue of Anne 1710 and statue of monopolies 1623 are the two patent laws, copyrights that are nowadays used respectively, these laws were originated in the late 20th century and since then the word intellectual property started to be used. ... This absolute protection thus deals intellectual property as real property. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaty and other global agreements are based on the fact that the intellectual property rights should be protected as it is essential to the economic growth. The following reasons are given in the handbook published by the World Intellectual Property Organization related to the intellectual property laws. "One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and the rights of the public in access to those creations.† Inventions were not the reason to initiate the history of patent, but it was in fact the grants given by the Queen Elizabeth 1 (1558-1603) and other royal family members for the privileges aimed at creating monopoly. nearly 200 years after the end of the reign of Elizabeth 1 a patent now shows and represents a legal status to the rights which are obtained by the person inventing something whic h gives him the right to control that invention exclusively, control and restrict its production, sale or any restricting any other method that might make that invention available for others to use independently. (Mossoff, A, 2001, Vol. 52, p. 1255) The aim of this paper is to study the justifications or arguments that surround the formation of intellectual property law. The paper will open discussion with the aims of intellectual property law and then move to the justifications. The paper will also discuss the limitations to these justifications and in the end, conclude the discussion with a critical evaluation of the intellectual property law terms. Aims of Intellectual Property Law This section will deal with the protection of intellectual property incentives taken for those

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Critical Reflection - Essay Example It consisted of individual notes that would remind of specific things when it comes to writing the notes up. Hence, I took some straight observational notes recording all I saw relevant to my research questions. My ultimate aim was to get a sense of the dilemma of incorporating technology in teaching and training and drawing recommendations. Meaningfully, technology itself can process moral and ethical qualities, but the issues I considered are on how the application of technology in education creates ethical conflicts. The design decision affordance and social norms are part of the engineering (Shilton, Koepfler and Fleischmann 259). Social aspects of a design process, therefore, involve ethical issue. Online-Based learning and virtual schools is a result of incorporating technology in education. More people are benefiting since classes are more flexible and affordable. Therefore, there is no all evil in technology. Regardless of a student’s socioeconomic status, the number of scholars carrying their own mobile devices is growing exponentially every year. It, therefore, means the platform communication will be available for almost every student in the future (Shilton, Koepfler and Fleischmann 260). As I noted in the field, the above argument falls in the fact that advancement in technology has increased the use of energy in most cases, example on oil reserves. Therefore, it has led to global warming and exposure of radioactive waste on people and the environment. Therefore, responsible technologies aim to reduce energy requirements of equipment and generation of environmentally friendly energy. The incorporation of technological aspects of learning creates a generation that is receptive to technology, and these create a risk of the irresponsible implementation of the technologies in the future. Technologically oriented education will therefore, create efficiency-oriented work that will consider social and ethical

Medical Law and Ethics and How We Use it in our Day to Day Tasks at Essay

Medical Law and Ethics and How We Use it in our Day to Day Tasks at Hospitals and or Radiology Sites - Essay Example Thus the Laws of Medical care ought to be use there. The uses of these Laws straighten relationships between doctors and patients, especially in the Radiology department where human being diseases is diagnosed. However, this development has in no small measure has caused d policy makers, doctors, and lawyers at national and international level a tremendous challenge of teaching medical students on legal and non-legal health care process with ethical background. In a Hospital and Medical health care centers, being a Radiology site or any department, doctors and other health workers are bound to these Medical Laws, while they are expected to treat patients according to these ethics. First, they should stick to the confidentiality; in no circumstances they must not reveal the health condition of patients. They most adapt to the Law that the health condition is only the patients own personal problem. "We are also required by Law to protect the privacy of your protected health information and to provide you with notice of these legal duties. This notice explains how, when and why we typically use and disclose health information and your privacy rights regarding your health information". (HIPAA Notice for the Medical Center). Additionally Law has made it incumbent upon health care pr... The forefront duties of doctors and other health care personnel's should adapt to the uses of Medical (Health) Laws. First, they should stick to the confidentiality; in no circumstances they must not reveal the health condition of patients. They most adapt to the Law that the health condition is only the patients own personal problem. Doctors and other health worker always should ensure the protection of patient's disease record, by only informing the victim about the right to enquire about his condition. "We are also required by Law to protect the privacy of your protected health information and to provide you with notice of these legal duties. This notice explains how, when and why we typically use and disclose health information and your privacy rights regarding your health information". (HIPAA Notice for the Medical Center). Additionally Law has made it incumbent upon health care provider to keep record of health status of patients. The essence of this is for the provision of quality care now and in the near future, or for as long as possible. However, there are certain circumstances which Medical Law has given mandate for doctors to disclose the state of health information especially in the Radiology site of Hospital, which include treatment. They can give the state of health condition of a patient to specialist, and other necessary agents. This is to ensure the speedy recovery of a patient. In Radiology site, Law has allowed them to disclose the state of health of patient directly to him in request for payment of bills, including insurance and other companies that the patients receives treatments. Medical Law also allows the Radiology

Social Policy review and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Social Policy review and analysis - Essay Example sily comprehensible process. Single issues or individual pressure groups are the basic building blocks of modern pressure groups. Every interest is "seen as expressing a joint purpose" of individuals that have come together to achieve convinced objectives. These groups have limited organizational skills and lack the knowledge of government to succeed in the few specific issues on their purpose. Single issues interest groups usually have a liquid membership base, which use the media and tremendous action to obtain their goals. The groups usually are fighting for a change in private or public policy they find inequitable or unmerited. These groups tend to break up when they reach their goals (or concede defeat). Although single interests groups are not completely unproductive, their "inclination towards passion" makes them not well liked in the Bureaucratic community and in revolve do not stay around for too long. The main key to success for these groups lies within their usefulness to demand to public opinion. If the single interests group is around for enough time either by following or refusing to give up they usually band together with other similar single interest groups to carry on the fight. Groups such as this are referred to as organizational interest groups and usually contain a higher level organization than the single interests groups. Joining two or more groups with concentration on "structural interests" can attracts a wider membership base that in turn provides a larger economic sustain to work with. With more money the group can appoint a small staff of experts including lawyers, public policy experts, and public relations staff to help meet the changes in the government. The structure and basic goals of the organization do not change after the amalgamation it simply becomes more complex. Organizational groups tend to keep away from unnecessary behavior in the name of the cause and the use of media to gather public attention. Instead, the groups use formal briefs to get thei r point across to the general public. The organizational groups are knowledgeable in the political arena but are not as useful as the institutional groups. Institutional groups or "super organizational" groups have an widespread membership basis that allows for a stable membership of like-minded people. Everyone within the institutional group does not partake in the same exact interest; the members are required to share the information with others in the group to act in a common manner. The groups have substantial resources to carry out their "concrete and instant objectives." The resources include a highly trained staff that has widespread knowledge of the government that effects the suitable government officials and can converse easily with them. Unlike the single interests or organizational groups, institutional interest groups have the skills and knowledge needed to act as a "go between,

Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Civil War - Research Paper Example Immediately after the war, Northern Union implemented strategies meant to ensure restructuring and integration of the Southern states into the larger confederacy. Historical facts from the war documents indicate that the Reconstruction attempts met stiff resistance from the southern insurgency movements (Jerry 34). The northern confederacy wanted to restructure governance structures within the south in order to end slavery. On the other hand, Southern states wanted to continue propagating and practicing slavery. In the middle of contentions was the black American population, who were enslaved and forced to work as farm laborers by white farmers in the south. In this case, the two parties strived to address their concerns, and this lead to a 12 year of Reconstruction efforts within the south. The entire civil war took place within southern states. Upon its completion, communities within the states witnessed substantial social, political and economic damages within their settings. The war ended after the northern Union defeated the Southern insurgency alliance. After the war, southern states, especially Louisiana became dysfunctional and riddled with social predicaments including poverty. Most white settlers in the south had lost their property like farm crops and processing factories to war destructions. In addition, most families in the south had their men killed as a result of heavy casualties from the fights (Smith 45). Others were maimed and disabled by the Northern Union forces. In this context southern families would experience the toughest times in their history attributed to casualty and property destruction after the war. Apart from poverty, there was a pronounced degree of mental illnesses witnessed among war veterans in the southern region. Thousands of soldiers became addicted to morphine; hence could not be productive to the society after the war. White settlers in the south lost the slave labor force; thus they could no longer engage in extensive a gricultural services. Approximately 90% of Black Americans lived in the South during the war (Jerry 23). After the black liberation from slavery by Northern Union soldiers, Southern farmers felt the economic gap left by slave workers in their farms. At this juncture, we can acknowledge the fact that Southern states suffered substantial damages after the civil war. With respect to Reconstruction, Southern alliances saw the move as an insult from the north, given that the southern states had already suffered great loss after the war. On the other hand, Northern alliance wanted to further their ambitions aimed towards abolition of slavery in the south. In this regard, Southern states interpreted the reconstruction move as an attempt by north to further injure damages already inflicted to the south. Therefore, reconstruction efforts met stiff resistance, especially on the efforts directed towards abolition of slavery. Reconstruction started in the time when Abraham Lincoln was the US pr esident. Lincoln sought support of the congress and executive arms of the cabinet in striving to formulate policies meant to oversee Reconstruction strategies. At the inception stages, Reconstruction started gaining momentum when black Americans moved from their slavery masters, into independent settlements. In addition, African Americans started receiving political recognition, which granted them freedom to participate in elective politics. Despite Lincoln’s efforts in implementing strategies, the president met stiff resista

Zipcar Entering the Foreign Market of Germany Case Study

Zipcar Entering the Foreign Market of Germany - Case Study Example The case study "Zipcar Entering the Foreign Market of Germany" talks about the Zipcar company, car rental service. The paper also analyzes why Zipcar decided to choose Germany as their new market. The rental company was established in 2000 and is currently composed of the merged operations of Zipcar and Flexcar, even as its ownership falls into the hands of Avis. 2006-th saw the company moreover branching out from its key American base and into England, in London, as well as Canada, in Toronto. As for 2012, the company had a presence in about 300 university campuses as well as 20 key urban centers scattered in its western markets. In 2014, too, the company lists Spain as a key market. Germany, given its sizable computer and driving population and its centrality to the European economy, is a good fit as an expansion market for Zipcar. If Great Britain and Spain are viable markets because of their economic readiness for Zipcar services, then one can make an argument too for Germany as a viable market, given that it is not only the largest economy in all of Europe but also that it has the largest population in the continent, after Russia. This mix of large population and a massive economic base makes Germany an exciting market for Zipcar from an economic and demographic point of view. Digging deeper into Germany’s demographics and economic profile, out of its about 80 million citizens, close to 63 percent is between the ages of 25 and 64 years, the most economically active years from a demographic point of view.

Private labels and their effect in the market Essay Example for Free

Private labels and their effect in the market Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The intense competition in retail markets has driven retailers to offer their own products that have somewhat similar quality at affordable price. The so-called â€Å"private label† becomes an attractive solution for customers that cannot afford to buy branded products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to global survey on private labeling, performed by AC Nielsen in 2005, they found that consumers in 38 markets continue accepting private labeling as good alternatives especially in markets where private labeling has existed for a long time. On average, in the Europe like Pacific regions, private labeling is perceived to be preferred choice by 78% of their consumers, followed by North America (77%), and Asia (51%). In terms of individual country, private labeling becomes the most preferred choices in Netherlands (91%), followed by Portugal (89%), and Germany (88%) (Shelf Impact, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The situation suggests that private labeling now becomes the savior for consumers and serious threat for branded producers. Since the private labeling has been adapted in many countries worldwide, this paper will discuss about private labeling of Welch Foods in United Arab Emirates (UAE). Company Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Welch Foods is a well-known producer of juices, jams, and jellies made from Concord and Niagara grapes. Since the company only produces particular type of grapes that only grows in the United States and some parts of Canada, it becomes the Welch’s competitive advantages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, as globalization and open market policies are adopted by several countries to ensure fair competition, Welch Foods face serious threats as giant retailers start aggressively their private labeling strategy on variety of products including juice products. Private Labels and Its Impacts on market   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By definition, private labeling refers to products or services that produced or manufactured by one company to offer under another company’s brands. Usually, retailers’ name appears on the packaging of the products and offer customers much lower price than other branded products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In case of Welch Foods that face intense competition from other branded juice products and private label in the UAE, the company must deal with private labeling strategies that retailers or supermarkets performs. Therefore, in order to cope with pricing strategies that retailers perform to undermine branded products, Welch Foods have two options.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First is to form an agreement with retailers to produce store brands for the retailers. This private labeling of Welch has following benefits: It prevents competitors (juice producers) to take opportunity of private labeling with retailers/supermarkets Reduce promotion costs since it is such a joint promotion program Obtaining more shelf space in retailers’ outlets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second option is to produce second layer products if the retailers have conducted private labeling with Welch’s competitors. By delivering second layer products, the company can match the retailers’ private label products. Case of Welch Foods in United Arab Emirate (UAE)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fast growing of private label industry also exist in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). During the Private Label Middle East (PLME) – Dubai 2007, the number of foreign companies that are interested in entering UAE through private label strategy is increasing (AME Info, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The situation suggests that Dubai becomes one target market of private label industry. AME Info refers Dubai as the gateway to private label industry ion the Middle East in which in the exhibition there are about 100 exhibitors from more than 20 countries want to enter UAE through private labeling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to AC Nielsen survey, 84% of UAE consumers know at least one private label. This is much better than United Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (only 67%). Due to the intense competition in retail industry, Welch Foods must provide counter strategy to compete with already-in-market private labels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In simple ways, Welch Foods must perform marketing plan that consist of the following activities: Identification and Choosing Market Segments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For most products, there are always a number of different markets into which the product can be sold. Furthermore, within each market there are also a number of market segments that will also need special attentions. These segments are based on age, sex, tastes and preferences, religious beliefs, demography, income, etc. The importance of identifying and choosing between these different segments lies in several requirements. First, identifying between market segments is required to tailor the product quality characteristics. Second, it is important for designing promotional efforts. Third, it is important to design distribution and sales strategies. Designing the Marketing Mix   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The marketing mix design (product, place, promotion and price) is derived from the identification of market segments performed earlier. It is the answer to some of these questions: who will be our customers?, where are our customers?, what are the average income level of our intended customers?, who are our competitors?, what are their apparent strengths and weaknesses?, how will our product be better?, how will our product be distributed?, etc. Enhance Packaging and Building Brand Image   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first impression obtained by consumers about any product comes from its brand image and packaging. A simple attraction toward product label or packaging could lead to a lifetime of product loyalty. Thus, the design of a label, design of a package and the quality of materials used for packaging is a critical factor that has considerable influence in determining sales number.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (‘Marketing’. n.d; Lake, 2005) Reference: AME Info. (2007). Private label industry on growth path across the Middle East. Retrieved November 15, 2007 from http://www.ameinfo.com/135804.html Gordon, I.H. (1999). Relationship Marketing: New Strategies, Techniques, and Technologies to Win the Customers You Want and Keep Them Forever. John Wiley and Sons John Stanley About.com. (2007). Brands versus Private Labels. Retrieved November 07 from http://retailindustry.about.com/library/uc/02/uc_stanley2.htm Kotler, Philip. (2000). Marketing Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Lake, Laura. (2005). How To Develop a Marketing Strategy in 5 Easy Steps. Retrieved November 14, 2007 from http://marketing.about.com/cs/advertising/ht/5steps2strategy.htm SBA. (2003). Target Market. Retrieved November 14, 2007 from Available at: http://www.sba.gov/starting_business/marketing/research.html Shelf Impact. (2005). Consumers: Private label ‘good alternative’ to other brands. Retrieved November 14, 2007 from http://www.shelfimpact.com/archives/2005/09/consumers_private_label_good_a.php

Homogenized Mushroom Tissue Based Biosensors

Homogenized Mushroom Tissue Based Biosensors ABSTRACT Homogenized mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tissue based biosensors by using plant tissue materials is a relatively new development in the biosensor technology. A simple in dip stick kind of visual ethanol biosensor that based on immobalised alcohol oxidase (AOX) homogenized from mushroom tissue onto polyaniline (PANI) film for ethanol (> 5% concentration ) detection in toiletries products. The colour going to change from green to blue due to response of biosensor to the ethanol and the change of colour can be seen by naked eyes. Regarding the enzymatic reaction of ethanol, acetaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide will produced, then PANI film is latter going to be oxidised. The method used to immobalise AOX onro the PANI film is by adsorption. Regarding immobilisation process, AOX solution need to deposit on the PANI film and then left it at room temperature within 30 minutes until it dry. Scan and analyse the changes film’s colour to obtain the biosensor’s response characteris tics toward the ethanol. The biosensor respond. Therefore, this simple visual biosensor is suitable for all-range-aged community to determine the safeness of certain toiletries products from the ethanol. Keywords : Biosensor; Alcohol Oxidase Ethanol; Mushroom Tissue; Polyaniline; Toiletries 6.0Â  EXPERIMENTAL 6.1Â  Chemicals 10-40 units/mg protein of Alcohol Oxidase or simply called (AOX) (A2404, EC1.1.3.13) which extract from mushroom (A. Bisporus). These mushroom can be bought at fresh market as culture vegetables. Before use make sure store it at 4Â °C. In order to immobalization use 225 bloom of gelatin from calf skin and 25.0% glutaraldehyde. Ascorbic acid, 2-propanol, D-glucose, n-butanol and many more chemicals needed can be purchased from Sigma, St. Louis, USA. Aniline with AR-grade, gallic acid (G7384) and l-cysteine (W326305) can be purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol which contain >99.5%, methanol, orthophosphoric acid (85%) and sodium hydroxide (pellets) can be delivered by Merck (Nottingham, UK). All needed chemicals are from commercial source which in analytical grade. Millipore Direct-QTM 5 purification system provide the Milli-Q water. Prepare ethanol’s stock solutions in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at suitable pH daily and store it in refrigerator at 4 Â °C. For pH studies, 0.1 M of the phosphate buffer solutions with pH values between 4 and 8 were can be used and to measure the pH value, use commercial glass electrode and pH-meter (model 9318, Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, RL, USA) and calibrate it at the pH values of 4.00, 7.00 and 9.00. 6.2Â  Homogenization of Mushroom Tissue Homogenize 200 mg mushroom tissue in the 400ml phosphate buffer. Mix this 300 ml homogenate and 10 mg gelatin. Incubate it for 5 minutes at 38Â °C to make sure the gelatin is dissolved. 6.3Â  Preparation of Polyaniline (PANI) Film In order to prevent bumping in the aniline, purify the aniline with vigorous and rapid stirring by distilled under vacuum. Prepare PANI dispersion as nanofibre and Huang and Karner (2006) already mention the method to should to be used to build it. Mix 3.2 mmol or 0.3 g of purified aniline with 10 mL of 1.0M Hydrochloric Acid (HCL). Mix 0.8 mmol or 0.18 g of Ammonium peroxydisulfate into another 10 mL aliquot acid solutions. Add aniline-acid to oxidant and these two solution will mix rapidly within 30 seconds and then allow it to react in undisturbed overnight condition. On the next day, wash the polyaniline by using water and centrifuged. Supernatant liquor with pH 3.3 and strong green colour will form and it is indicate as the PANI particles which can be observed after several times of washing. Any remaining particles with size larger than 1ÃŽ ¼m must be removed before casting by passing the dispersion through a 55-mm glass fiber filter (Whatman GFA, Kent, UK) which is attach to va cuum source. Cast directly PANI dispersion on a substrate of polystyrene and then, left the thin film of PANI that on the sheet of polystyrene in the dark to dry after cut it into individual in 10mm2 size. Next, store that ready film at 4Â °C. The thickness must be 0.7ÃŽ ¼m and use SEM images to determine it. To make sure the thickness of the film is always in the same magnitude order, it must be determined routinely. Then, choose 0.7 ÃŽ ¼m thickness of PANI film to use for the further experiment result in good of PANI film fabrication reproducibility. 6.4Â  Enzyme Immobilization Immerse the PANI film in 0.1 M phosphate buffer which have pH 7.0 to make sure the condition of PANI film is at natural condition which means at pH 7.0. After that, deposit appropriate concentration about 10 ÃŽ ¼L of AOX solution which is from homogenate of mushroom tissues and phosphate buffer on the PANI film and left it to dry within 30 minutes. For the further use, store this PANI film with immobilised AOX at 4 Â °C. 6.5Â  Biosensor Construction Construct a dip stick test visual biosensor of PANI film with immobilized AOX as Figure 1, connect AOX/PANI film with a handle which made by cellulose paper or can use transparent plastic tape. To way to use this this dip-stick format visual biosensor by just dipping this kind of biosensor into the toiletries sample solution for a several seconds (Â ±5 s), then the change of colour can be seen by baked eye if the concentration of ethanol is >5% since that only amount allowed to be in toiletries products and use image analysis for the quantitative measurement change of colour. (a)(b) Figure 1: (a) dip stick format of biosensor (b) dip biosensor into toiletries sample solution (Kuswandi et.al,2014) 6.6 Colour Change Recording See the change of colour by naked eye during alcohol detection since this biosensor is kind of visual mode. Use scanner for example Canon, Cano Scan, Japan and Tokyo for quantification of colour measurements. The presence of ethanol exceed 5% of concentration in toiletries sample solutions will change the colour of the biosensor from green to blue. The detection can be done by dipped the biosensor which in the form of dip stick test in the sample solutions in 5 seconds. Use ImageJ program which can be used as online applet, free download application or can be used in any computer together with Java 5 (Dougherty, 2009 Rueden et.al, 2007) in order to assess the colour after it has been scanned. The purpose s to determine the mean RGB colour value. 7.0Â  EXPECTED RESULT The expected result from this research is the colour of dip stick AOX/PANI film biosensor will change from green to blue if there presence of >5% of ethanol in toiletries products after the biosensor is dipped into the toiletries sample solutions for 5 seconds. Since this is the visual mode biosensor, the change of colour can easily seen by naked eyes. On the hand, use scanner (Canon, Cano Scan, Japan, Tokyo) for quantitative colour measurement and then use ImageJ program to assess the colour change of biosensor and to determine the mean RGB colour value. (Collins, 2007)

Industrial Process Validation of Tablets: A Review

Industrial Process Validation of Tablets: A Review Abstract Tablets are used most in health care. They must be manufactured to the best quality. Process validation can assure the tablet products meet the pre-determined quality and can be reproduced consistently within the established limits. This review gives an introduction and general overview on process validation of tablet formulation. It is a requirement for good manufacturing practice and other regulatory requirements. Keywords: Process validation, Tablets, Validation protocol, Process design Introduction Tablets are the most widely used solid dosage form of medicament. It has number of advantages over other dosage forms, such as: simplicity, lowest cost, high convenience, dosage accuracy and stability of drug substance. Tablet as a dosage form comprises a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form, pressed or compacted into a solid dose. The excipients can include diluents, binders or granulating agents, glidants and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavors to enhance taste; and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive. A film coating is often applied to confer specific advances, including protection of the drug from the surrounding, modifying drug release, masking unpleasant taste or odour of the drug, improving product appearance, making it easier to swallow and so on [1]. Process validation is required by the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) to consistently produce a desired quality product. In FDA guidance, process validation is defined as the collection and evaluation of data, from the process design stage through commercial production, which establishes scientific evidence that a process is capable of consistently delivering quality product 2]. Process validation involves a series of activities taking place over the lifecycle of the product and process. Thus it requires the manufacturer to collect data throughout the whole product lifecycle and evaluate it scientifically and assess if it supports a quality process. Process validation establishes the flexibility and constraints in the manufacturing process controls in the attainment of desirable attributes in the drug product while preventing undesirable properties [3]. Successful process validation contributes significantly to assuring reproducible drug quality in large scale manufacture, and may reduce the dependence on intensive in-process and finished product testing. To validate the process used in the manufacture of tablets product and for revalidation in case of any change in the manufacturing process or any change in the composition of any ingredient. Traditionally, a minimum of three successive separate successful process batches are required to demonstrate consistency of the reproducibility. The manufacturing process should be controlled and all pre-specified product specifications should be within limits. However, the FDA considers a reduction to three batches as too simple for being able to prove validity of quality product [4]. The emphasis for demonstrating validated processes is placed on the manufacturer’s process design and development studies in addition to its demonstration of reproducibility at scale, a goal that has always been expected [4].The FDA encourages the use of science and risk-based approaches to determine the number of validation batches. The FDA guidance describes process validation activities in three stages [2]à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Process Design: The commercial manufacturing process is defined during this stage based on knowledge gained through development and scale-up activities. Process Qualification: During this stage, the process design is evaluated to determine if the process is capable of reproducible commercial manufacturing. Continued Process Verification: Ongoing assurance is gained during routine production that the process remains in a state of control. In FDA guidance, it indicates a large change of regulatory requirement from â€Å"quality by test† to the current â€Å"quality by design† throughout the lifecycle of the product and process. This regulation requires manufacturers to design a process, including operations and controls, which results in a product meeting pre-specified attributes. These encourage the use of sound scientific pharmaceutical development concepts, quality risk management, and quality systems at all stages of the manufacturing process life cycle. Thus we can using not only commercial-scale studies data including process qualification, but also those such as determination of CQAs and identification of process variables from laboratory experiments and pilot scale trials conducted during the process design stage. The goal of stage 1 is to design a process suitable for routine commercial manufacturing that can consistently deliver a product that meets its quality attributes. The number of validati on batches for Stage 2 is determined by process knowledge obtained from Stage 1. In Stage 3, it requires a life-cycle approach with continuous verification and adjustment for improvement. When companies do a better and more systematic approach of process development depending on their experience and knowledge, then they will understand their processes and process control better and manufacture a robust product. REASON FOR PROCESS VALIDATION: Validation offers assurance that a process is reasonably protected against sources of variability that could affect production output, cause supply problems, and negatively affect public health [2]. The possible reasons cause variability may include [5]: New product or existing products as per Scale-up and Post-approval Changes. New formulation. Change in formulation. Change in site of manufacturing. Change in batch size. Change in equipment. Change in process existing products significantly. Change in the critical control parameters. Change in vendor of API or critical excipient. Change in specification on input material. Abnormal trends in quality parameters of product through review during Annual Product Review (APR). Trend of Out of Specification (OOS) or Out of Trend (OOT) in consecutive batches [6]. TYPES OF PROCESS VALIDATION: Prospective validation is carried out during the development stage by means of a risk analysis of the production process, which is broken down into individual steps: these are then evaluated on the basis of past experience to determine whether they might lead to critical situations. Concurrent validation is carried out during normal production. This method is effective only if the development stage has resulted in a proper understanding of the fundamentals of the process. Retrospective validation involves the examination of past experience of production on the assumption that composition, procedures, and equipment remain unchanged; such experience and the results of in-process and final control tests are then evaluated. Revalidation is needed to ensure that changes in the process and/or in the process environment, whether intentional or unintentional, do not adversely affect process characteristics and product quality. VALIDATION TEAM: Multidisciplinary teamwork is required for conducting and monitoring validation studies. Personnel conduct such studies should be qualified by training and experience. The working team would usually include the following staff members to work together to be effectives: Head of quality assurance: Responsible for coordinate the entire validation process and schedule meetings with the team and review validation documents. Preparation of validation protocol, supervising the process, analyzing data and test results and preparing the final report. Head of engineering: Responsible for qualification and calibration of all the processing equipment/instrument/utilities and maintains its efficacy during the manufacture process. Validation manager: Responsible for the review of process validation protocol and execution of process validation. Also responsible for evaluation of results. Production manager: Responsible for verification of process validation protocol and to ensure operation of the production equipment and support systems in order to manufacture the product within its design limits /specifications/ requirements. Head of Quality Control: Responsible for verification of process Validation Protocol, report and co-ordination to ensure operation of the Lab instrument and support systems in execution of the validation process. Process validation protocol: A validation protocol showing how validation will be performed, including test parameters, product characteristics, production equipment, and decision points on what constitutes acceptable test results [8]. It should include the following items: Purpose Scope Responsibilities of assessment team Acceptance criteria Critical process and product parameters Product details Reference documents for method of manufacturing and testing Reason for validation Bill of raw materials Equipment details Process flow chart Critical process stages to be validated Summary of validation batch Remarks Evaluation of results, conclusion and recommendations VALIDATION REPORT: At the end of the Process Validation a Validation report is need to be prepared. The tests results and conclusions of Validation Protocol documented and summarized in a process validation report. The validation report should include the following items: Aim of the validation study Batch No. and Batch size Process summary Verification of critical process controls Conclusion Attachments Industrial process overview of tablet manufacturing: Process validation of manufacture tablets involves all the critical parameters challenged in pharmaceutical unit operations like dry mixing, granulation, milling, blending, lubrication, compression, coating, etc. Tablet manufactured process overview is showed in figure 1. A general process steps and product parameters inclusion in the process validation protocol is summarized in table 1. Several process parameters which need to be tested in the manufacture process may have some impact on production of tablets. When understanding of these parameters and their interactions with the respective processes, it will collect rational data for the building of validation evidence and fixing the optimum process parameters. Every processing step is validated for all batches and the results obtained must be present within the acceptance criteria. Throughout manufacturing certain procedures should be validated and monitored by carrying out appropriate in-process controls and finished product tests [9]. In-process tests and finish product tests during tablet production see Table 2. The figure 2 and 3 illustrate sampling locations at wet granulation and blending stages. All validation of the manufacturing process and the in-process controls should be documented. Figure 1 Tablet manufactured process overview Table 1 Process and Product Parameters Considered During Tablet Dosage Form Manufacture Table 2 In-process controls and finished product tests CONCLUSION: The manufacturing process is released for regular production after careful evaluation of the validation documentation. The efficient process validation is a key element in the development of pharmaceuticals. Both experience and knowledge are important factor for ensuring successful process development and validation. The more you understand the process in the early stages, the less you will need to do to validate it later. A strong mentoring and training program is also attributed much. When the process variables were under control, it reveals that there was no significant variation between batch to batch. In product lifecycle, continued validation will help to ensure the pharmaceutical products with the quality and reproducibility. References [1] Pawar Avinash S, Bageshwar Deepak V, Khanvilkar Vineeta V. Advances in Pharmaceutical Coatings. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2010(2, 1): 733-737. [2] Guidance for Industry: Process Validation: General Principles and Practices. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), January 2011. [3] Leon Shargel, Isadore Kanfer. Generic Drug Product Development: Solid Oral Dosage Forms [M]. Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences, 2005(194): 121-123. [4] Questions and Answers on Current Good Manufacturing Practices, Good Guidance Practices, Level 2 Guidance Production and Process Controls. [5] Sharma Ajay, Saini Seema. Process Validation of Solid Dosage Form: A Review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science, 2013, 3(2): 12-30. [6] Jignakumari Manubhai Tandel, Zarna R Dedania and KR. Vadalia. Review on Importance of validation IJAPBC. 2012; 1(3). [7] WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations WHO Technical Report Series, No. 863 Thirty-fourth Report. [8] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guideline on General principles of Process Validation. Rockville, MD; May, 1987. [9] The Third Supplement to the Fourth Edition of The International Pharmacopoeia.

Juliusz Slowacki :: essays research papers

Juliusz Slowacki We all have our favorite writers. Many of them are using their own, original language that we like or don’t. Very often basing on the language they use we can imagine their character and what kind of people they are or were. Their style of writing makes us be more familiar with them and with their books. But sometimes, even writers that are using very unique style of writing make a huge impression on us and I would like to focus on a novelist that presents that kind of writing. His name is Juliusz Slowacki (1809-1849) and he is one of the most famous Polish poets in the history. As you can see he was writing his books very long time ago but they are still very popular in Poland, Europe and probably in other parts of the world. I can say that he is not my favorite writer because his style of writing is not easy to understand and you have to be very focus during the reading. In addition to that, every person that wants to read some of his books should be very familiar with Polish and European history. On the other hand this is advantage because reading a book you are also studying a little bit of history. But it does not mean that I don’t like Slowacki and his books. I chose to write about him because his style is very familiar to me, and his books made a huge impression on me. Some of his books captivate, fascinate, release my imagination, and are taking me to the lands that I always wanted to see and visit. The fight for independence became the main topic of Slowacki's works. In his books like â€Å"Kordian†, â€Å"Bogurodzica† he is calling the nation to fight because in his opinion that is the only way to the freedom. Slowacki was writing about moral and political problems of the generation, which had lost the resurrection. He was a great poet loving his country. He also was writing poems inspired by the nature like â€Å"Rozlaczenie†, about his childhood, literature, but his main subject was always reflections about his nation and the suffering of Poland and Polish people. In my opinion his lyrics reached the artistic perfection. In supreme way he could recreate and portray human feelings. Slowacki is using many elements of language. His style is speaking to our imagination beautifully describing his times and the events.

Misery of Sylvia Plath Essay -- Poetry

Sylvia Plath: Slanting the Scale of Misery It is often the dismal and gloomy poems that compel us as readers to wonder what was occurring in the poet’s mind, rather than the rhymes of flowers and sunshine. Poems about despair and sadness induce our own emotions and generate speculation as to how such negative thoughts transfer from one’s own mind to the paper, maintaining their sense of torment. Sylvia Plath’s inner suffering is effectively conveyed by way of her disturbing images and noticeable language. To communicate her private pain, she uses a mass event, the Holocaust, as her own expression and by doing so she is robbing the true victims of this historically tragic event for her personal representation. Plath is a Massachusetts native who sustained an exterior perfection throughout her childhood and into her early years at Smith College. However, the death of her father years before seemed to hold lasting distress upon her and a few years into her college career she attempted to commit suicide, which proved to be only the start of her emotional trepidations. After college, she married the English poet, Ted Hughes, with whom she moved back and forth from London to Massachusetts and eventually had two children. After suspicions of infidelity their unstable marriage came to an end. Plath remained in London with her children where she continued writing. Ultimately, during one of the coldest winters on record, her loneliness overcame her ambition and Sylvia Plath killed herself. It was a tragic end to an even more tragically forlorn life, but she left the world with admirable literary works to remember her by. (www.sylviaplath.info) Plath’s poems are recognized for their personally honest annotations of he... ...lved in the Holocaust. To say that Sylvia Plath is a Holocaust writer is incorrect. To say that she attempted to compare her sorrows to that of years of severe suffering by millions accurate. To say that Sylvia Plath’s comparison is shocking and offensive is correct. Works Cited Kutner, Bob. "Bob Kutner: Lamp Shade Made Out of Skin." Holocaust Memorial Day. 26 Nov. 2007 _kutner/lamp_shade_made_out_of_skin.htm>. Olidort, Shoshana. "Sylvia Plath and the Holocaust." The Commentator. 22 Nov. 2005. 26 Nov. 2007 Culture/Sylvia.Plath.And.The.Holocaust-1058400-page2.shtml>. Steinberg, Peter K. "A Celebration, This Is." Biography. 5 Nov. 2002. 26 Nov. 2007 .

Ban a Pit bull, Save a Life: Why the Ontario Ban against Pit bull Terri

â€Å"Mom! Mom! The dogs got Cody. The dogs got Cody† (Vancouver Sun, 2007). Just a few days after Christmas in 2004, these are the cries that awoke Sheri Fontaine. Fontaine raced from her bed into the living room to find her three-year old son, Cody Fontaine, savaged by the dogs that were staying temporarily in her house. Tragically, young Cody did not survive the attack. A young life taken, a mother’s life ruined. Sadly, this story is not as uncommon as one of violence against people, they exhibit highly stubborn characteristics that make them difficult to control, and such bans have proven to be extremely effective. In 2005, the Ontario Liberal government passed The Dog Owner’s Liability Act: a ban against pit bull terriers in the province. After the bill passed, Attorney General Michael Bryant said, â€Å"Mark my words, Ontario will be safer† (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). The legislation prevented people from acquiring a number of breeds of dogs that would be classified as pit bulls. In addition, Ontario residents who already owned a pit bull terrier prior to the ban were required to neuter and muzzle their animals. Such policies against this breed of animal are not unprecedented. In fact, similar laws are already in place in Britain, France and Germany. In Canada, Winnipeg has had a ban against pit bull terriers in place for 20 years (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). Ontario and other regions have imposed these sanctions because the evidence clearly indicates that pit bull terriers pose a much higher than average risk to people. Pit bull terriers have a long track record of attacks against people and animals. A 1987 study of a particularly savage attack against a child was documented by four doctors in the hopes... ... An Analysis of the Pit bull Terrier Controversy. Anthrozoos, 2-8. Raghavan, M. (2008). Fatal dog attacks in Canada, 1990–2007. The Canadian Verterinary Journal, 577– 581. Ruryk, Z. (2008, March 2). One endangered species: But pit bull attacks are down. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Toronto Sun: http://www.torontosun.com/News/TorontoAndGTA/2008/03/02/4887415-sun.html Smith, C. (2009, April 9). Media coverage of Surrey pit bull attack prompts protest by Vancouver pit bull owners. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Straight.com: http://www.straight.com/article- 213929/media-coverage-surrey-pit-bull-attack-prompts-protest-vancouver-pit-bull-owners Vancouver Sun. (2007, February 6). Kids' cries woke mom of boy, 3, killed by dogs' bites. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Canada.com: http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=a79e501c-14a2-4964-aa02- f9a5ab25d2a5 Ban a Pit bull, Save a Life: Why the Ontario Ban against Pit bull Terri â€Å"Mom! Mom! The dogs got Cody. The dogs got Cody† (Vancouver Sun, 2007). Just a few days after Christmas in 2004, these are the cries that awoke Sheri Fontaine. Fontaine raced from her bed into the living room to find her three-year old son, Cody Fontaine, savaged by the dogs that were staying temporarily in her house. Tragically, young Cody did not survive the attack. A young life taken, a mother’s life ruined. Sadly, this story is not as uncommon as one of violence against people, they exhibit highly stubborn characteristics that make them difficult to control, and such bans have proven to be extremely effective. In 2005, the Ontario Liberal government passed The Dog Owner’s Liability Act: a ban against pit bull terriers in the province. After the bill passed, Attorney General Michael Bryant said, â€Å"Mark my words, Ontario will be safer† (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). The legislation prevented people from acquiring a number of breeds of dogs that would be classified as pit bulls. In addition, Ontario residents who already owned a pit bull terrier prior to the ban were required to neuter and muzzle their animals. Such policies against this breed of animal are not unprecedented. In fact, similar laws are already in place in Britain, France and Germany. In Canada, Winnipeg has had a ban against pit bull terriers in place for 20 years (Ontario passes ban on pit bulls, 2005). Ontario and other regions have imposed these sanctions because the evidence clearly indicates that pit bull terriers pose a much higher than average risk to people. Pit bull terriers have a long track record of attacks against people and animals. A 1987 study of a particularly savage attack against a child was documented by four doctors in the hopes... ... An Analysis of the Pit bull Terrier Controversy. Anthrozoos, 2-8. Raghavan, M. (2008). Fatal dog attacks in Canada, 1990–2007. The Canadian Verterinary Journal, 577– 581. Ruryk, Z. (2008, March 2). One endangered species: But pit bull attacks are down. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Toronto Sun: http://www.torontosun.com/News/TorontoAndGTA/2008/03/02/4887415-sun.html Smith, C. (2009, April 9). Media coverage of Surrey pit bull attack prompts protest by Vancouver pit bull owners. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Straight.com: http://www.straight.com/article- 213929/media-coverage-surrey-pit-bull-attack-prompts-protest-vancouver-pit-bull-owners Vancouver Sun. (2007, February 6). Kids' cries woke mom of boy, 3, killed by dogs' bites. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from Canada.com: http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=a79e501c-14a2-4964-aa02- f9a5ab25d2a5

Daniel Bernoulli

Daniel Bernoulli  (Groningen, 8 February 1700 –  Basel, 8 March 1782) was aDutch-Swiss  mathematician  and was one of the many prominent mathematicians in theBernoulli family. He is particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to mechanics, especially  fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in  probability  andstatistics. Bernoulli's work is still studied at length by many schools of science throughout the world. In Physics :- He is the earliest writer who attempted to formulate a  kinetic theory of gases, and he applied the idea to explain  Boyle's law. 2] He worked with Euler on  elasticity  and the development of the  Euler-Bernoulli beam equation. [9]  Bernoulli's principle  is of critical use inaerodynamics. [4] Daniel Bernoulli, an eighteenth-century Swiss scientist, discovered that as the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases The relationship between the velocity and pressure exerted by a moving liquid is described by the  Bernoulli's principle:  as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases. Airplanes get a part of their lift by taking advantage of Bernoulli's principle. Race cars employ Bernoulli's principle to keep their rear wheels on the ground while traveling at high speeds. The Continuity Equation relates the speed of a fluid moving through a pipe to the cross sectional area of the pipe. It says that as a radius of the pipe decreases the speed of fluid flow must increase and visa-versa. This interactive tool lets you explore this principle of fluids. You can change the diameter of the red section of the pipe by dragging the top red edge up or down. Principle In  fluid dynamics,  Bernoulli's principle  states that for an  inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in  pressure  or a decrease in the  fluid's  potential energy. [1][2]  Bernoulli's principle is named after the  Dutch-Swiss  mathematician  Daniel Bernoulliwho published his principle in his book  Hydrodynamica  in 1738. 3] Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely denoted as  Bernoulli's equation. In fact, there are different forms of the Bernoulli equation for different types of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is valid for  incompressible flows  (e. g. most  liquid  flows) and also for  compressible flows  (e. g. gases) moving at low  Mach numbers. More advanced forms may in some cases be applied to compress ible flows at higher  Mach numbers(see  the derivations of the Bernoulli equation). Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle of  conservation of energy. This states that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical energy in a fluid along a  streamline  is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs proportionately with an increase in both its  dynamic pressure  and  kinetic energy, and a decrease in its  static pressure  andpotential energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per unit mass (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential  ? g  h) is the same everywhere. [4] Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly from Newton's 2nd law. If a small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure, then there is more pressure behind than in front. This gives a net force on the volume, accelerating it along the streamline. [5][6] Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed increases it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has moved from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed occurs where the pressure is highest. ————————————————- Incompressible flow equation In most flows of liquids, and of gases at low  Mach number, the mass density of a fluid parcel can be considered to be constant, regardless of pressure variations in the flow. For this reason the fluid in such flows can be considered to be incompressible and these flows can be described as incompressible flow. Bernoulli performed his experiments on liquids and his equation in its original form is valid only for incompressible flow. A common form of Bernoulli's equation, valid at any  arbitrary  point along a  streamline  where gravity is constant, is: |   | |   |   | | | | | | | where: is the fluid flow  speed  at a point on a streamline, is the  acceleration due to gravity, is the  elevation  of the point above a reference plane, with the positive  z-direction pointing upward – so in the direction opposite to the gravitational acceleration,   is the  pressure  at the chosen point, and is the  density  of the fluid at all points in the flu id. For  conservative force  fields, Bernoulli's equation can be generalized as:[7] where  ? is the  force potential  at the point considered on the streamline. E. g. for the Earth's gravity  ?   gz. The following two assumptions must be met for this Bernoulli equation to apply:[7] * the fluid must be incompressible – even though pressure varies, the density must remain constant along a streamline; * friction by viscous forces has to be negligible. By multiplying with the fluid density  ? , equation (A) can be rewritten as: or: where: is  dynamic pressure, is the  piezometric head  or  hydraulic head  (the sum of the elevation  z  and the  pressure head)[8][9]  and   is the  total pressure  (the sum of the static pressure  p  and dynamic pressure  q). 10] The constant in the Bernoulli equation can be normalised. A common approach is in terms of  total head  or  energy head  H: The above equations suggest there is a flow sp eed at which pressure is zero, and at even higher speeds the pressure is negative. Most often, gases and liquids are not capable of negative absolute pressure, or even zero pressure, so clearly Bernoulli's equation ceases to be valid before zero pressure is reached. In liquids – when the pressure becomes too low –  cavitation  occurs. The above equations use a linear relationship between flow speed squared and pressure. At higher flow speeds in gases, or for  sound  waves in liquid, the changes in mass density become significant so that the assumption of constant density is invalid Simplified form In many applications of Bernoulli's equation, the change in the  ? g  z  term along the streamline is so small compared with the other terms it can be ignored. For example, in the case of aircraft in flight, the change in height  z  along a streamline is so small the  ? g  z  term can be omitted. This allows the above equation to be presented in the following simplified form: where  p0  is called total pressure, and  q  is  dynamic pressure. 11]  Many authors refer to the  pressure  p  as  static pressure  to distinguish it from total pressure  p0  and  dynamic pressure  q. In  Aerodynamics, L. J. Clancy writes: â€Å"To distinguish it from the total and dynamic pressures, the actual pressure of the fluid, which is associated not with its motion but with its state, is often referred to as the static pressure, but where the term pressure alone is used it refers to this static pressure. â€Å"[12] The simplified form of Bernoulli's equation can be summarized in the following memorable word equation: static pressure + dynamic pressure = total pressure[12] Every point in a steadily flowing fluid, regardless of the fluid speed at that point, has its own unique static pressure  p  and dynamic pressure  q. Their sum  p  +  q  is defined to be the total pressure  p0. The significance of Bernoulli's principle can now be summarized as  total pressure is constant along a streamline. If the fluid flow is  irrotational, the total pressure on every streamline is the same and Bernoulli's principle can be summarized as  total pressure is constant everywhere in the fluid flow. 13]  It is reasonable to assume that irrotational flow exists in any situation where a large body of fluid is flowing past a solid body. Examples are aircraft in flight, and ships moving in open bodies of water. However, it is important to remember that Bernoulli's principle does not apply in the  boundary layer  or in fluid flow through long  pipes. If the fluid flow at some point along a stream line is brought to rest, this point is called a st agnation point, and at this point the total pressure is equal to the  stagnation pressure. Applicability of incompressible flow equation to flow of gases Bernoulli's equation is sometimes valid for the flow of gases: provided that there is no transfer of kinetic or potential energy from the gas flow to the compression or expansion of the gas. If both the gas pressure and volume change simultaneously, then work will be done on or by the gas. In this case, Bernoulli's equation – in its incompressible flow form – can not be assumed to be valid. However if the gas process is entirely  isobaric, or  isochoric, then no work is done on or by the gas, (so the simple energy balance is not upset). According to the gas law, an isobaric or isochoric process is ordinarily the only way to ensure constant density in a gas. Also the gas density will be proportional to the ratio of pressure and absolute  temperature, however this ratio will vary upon compression or expansion, no matter what non-zero quantity of heat is added or removed. The only exception is if the net heat transfer is zero, as in a complete thermodynamic cycle, or in an individualisentropic  (frictionless  adiabatic) process, and even then this reversible process must be reversed, to restore the gas to the original pressure and specific volume, and thus density. Only then is the original, unmodified Bernoulli equation applicable. In this case the equation can be used if the flow speed of the gas is sufficiently below the  speed of sound, such that the variation in density of the gas (due to this effect) along each  streamline  can be ignored. Adiabatic flow at less than Mach 0. 3 is generally considered to be slow enough. [edit]Unsteady potential flow The Bernoulli equation for unsteady potential flow is used in the theory of  ocean surface waves  and  acoustics. For an  irrotational flow, the  flow velocity  can be described as the  gradient   f a  velocity potential  ?. In that case, and for a constant  density? , the  momentum  equations of the  Euler equations  can be integrated to:[14] which is a Bernoulli equation valid also for unsteady – or time dependent – flows. Here /? t  denotes the  partial derivative  of the velocity potential  ? with respect to time  t, and  v  =   | | is the flow speed. The function  f(t) depends only on time and not on position in the fluid. As a result, the Bernoulli equation at some moment  t  does not only apply along a certain streamline, but in the whole fluid domain. This is also true for the special case of a steady irrotational flow, in which case  f  is a constant. [14] Further  f(t) can be made equal to zero by incorporating it into the velocity potential using the transformation Note that the relation of the potential to the flow velocity is unaffected by this transformation: =  . The Bernoulli equation for unsteady potential flow also appears to play a central role in  Luke's variational principle, a variational description of free-surface flows using the  Lagrangian  (not to be confused with  Lagrangian coordinates). ————————————————- edit]Compressible flow equation Bernoulli developed his principle from his observations on liquids, and his equation is applicable only to incompressible fluids, and compressible fluids at very low speeds (perhaps up to 1/3 of the sound speed in the fluid). It is possible to use the fundamental principles of physics to develop similar equations applicable to compressible fluids. There are numerous equations, each tailored for a particular application, but all are analogous to Bernoulli's equation and all rely on nothing more than the fundamental principles of physics such as Newton's laws of motion or the  first law of thermodynamics. Compressible flow in fluid dynamics For a compressible fluid, with a  barotropic  equation of state, and under the action of  conservative forces, [15]  Ã‚  Ã‚  (constant along a streamline) where: p  is the  pressure ?  is the  density v  is the  flow speed ?  is the potential associated with the conservative force field, often the  gravitational potential In engineering situations, elevations are generally small compared to the size of the Earth, and the time scales of fluid flow are small enough to consider the equation of state as  adiabatic. In this case, the above equation becomes [16]  Ã‚  Ã‚  (constant along a streamline) here, in addition to the terms listed above: ?  is the  ratio of the specific heats  of the fluid g  is the acceleration due to gravity z  is the elevation of the point above a reference plane In many applications of compressible flow, changes in elevation are negligible compared to the other terms, so the term  gz   can be omitted. A very useful form of the equation is then: where: p0  is the  total pressure ?0  is the total density [edit]Compressible flow in thermodynamics Another useful form of the equation, suitable for use in thermodynamics, is: [17] Here  w  is the  enthalpy  per unit mass, which is also often written as  h  (not to be confused with â€Å"head† or â€Å"height†). Note that  Ã‚  where  ? is the  thermodynamic  energy per unit mass, also known as the  specific  internal energy. The constant on the right hand side is often called the Bernoulli constant and denoted  b. For steady inviscid  adiabatic  flow with no additional sources or sinks of energy,  b  is constant along any given streamline. More generally, when  b  may vary along streamlines, it still proves a useful parameter, related to the â€Å"head† of the fluid (see below). When the change in  ? can be ignored, a very useful form of this equation is: where  w0  is total enthalpy. For a calorically perfect gas such as an ideal gas, the enthalpy is directly proportional to the temperature, and this leads to the concept of the total (or stagnation) temperature. When  shock waves  are present, in a  reference frame  in which the shock is stationary and the flow is steady, many of the parameters in the Bernoulli equation suffer abrupt changes in passing through the shock. The Bernoulli parameter itself, however, remains unaffected. An exception to this rule is radiative shocks, which violate the assumptions leading to the Bernoulli equation, namely the lack of additional sinks or sources of energy. ————————————————- Real-world application Condensation visible over the upper surface of a wing caused by the fall in temperature  accompanying  the fall in pressure, both due to acceleration of the air. In modern everyday life there are many observations that can be successfully explained by application of Bernoulli's principle, even though no real fluid is entirely inviscid  [21]  and a small viscosity often has a large effect on the flow. Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil if the behaviour of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known. For example, if the air flowing past the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing pas t the bottom surface, then Bernoulli's principle implies that the  pressure  on the surfaces of the wing will be lower above than below. This pressure difference results in an upwards  lift force. nb 1][22]  Whenever the distribution of speed past the top and bottom surfaces of a wing is known, the lift forces can be calculated (to a good approximation) using Bernoulli's equations[23]  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ established by Bernoulli over a century before the first man-made wings were used for the purpose of flight. Bernoulli's principle does not explain why the air flows faster past the top of the wing and slower past the underside. To understand why, it is helpful to understand  circulation, the  Kutta condition, and the  Kutta–Joukowski theorem. The  carburetor  used in many reciprocating engines contains a  venturi  to create a region of low pressure to draw fuel into the carburetor and mix it thoroughly with the incoming air. The low pressure in the throat of a venturi can be explained by Bernoulli's principle; in the narrow throat, the air is moving at its fastest speed and therefore it is at its lowest pressure. * The  Pitot tube  and  static port  on an aircraft are used to determine the  airspeed  of the aircraft. These two devices are connected to theairspeed indicator  which determines the  dynamic pressure  of the airflow past the aircraft. Dynamic pressure is the difference betweenstagnation pressure  and  static pressure. Bernoulli's principle is used to calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays the  indicated airspeed  appropriate to the dynamic pressure. [24] * The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a  Venturi meter  or an  orifice plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the diameter of the flow. For a horizontal device, the  continuity equation  shows that for an incompressible fluid, the reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed. Subsequently Bernoulli's principle then shows that there must be a decrease in the pressure in the reduced diameter region. This phenomenon is known as the  Venturi effect. * The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the base can be calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation, and is found to be proportional to the square root of the height of the fluid in the tank. This is  Torricelli's law, showing that Torricelli's law is compatible with Bernoulli's principle. Viscosity  lowers this drain rate. This is reflected in the discharge coefficient, which is a function of the Reynolds number and the shape of the orifice. 25] * In open-channel hydraulics, a detailed analysis of the Bernoulli theorem and its extension were recently (2009) developed. [26]  It was proved that the depth-averaged specific energy reaches a minimum in converging accelerating free-surface flow over weirs and flumes (also[27][28]). Further, in general, a channel control with minimum specific energy in curvilinear flow is not isolated from water waves, as customary state in open-channel hydraulics. * The  Bernoulli grip  relies on this principle to create a non-contact adhesive force between a surface and the gripper. [edit]